ls_冷箱珠光砂152-08__en__6.0.pdf

Issue 12.2005 Linde AG Linde Engineering Division Orig.: EV/Fr. Meier Insulation LINDE STANDARD Expanded Perlite 152-08 Requirements on the Properties Checked: QE/Pöttig Appr.: TAW-N/Gaebel Page 1 of 7 Replaces Issue 12.2001 Contents 1 2 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 7 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 9 10 1 Page Scope .............................................................................................. 1 Normative references.................................................................... 2 Terms and defintions .................................................................... 2 Expanded perlite.............................................................................. 2 Coldbox-Insulation........................................................................... 2 Double-Shell Storage Tank ............................................................. 2 Vacuum Insulation ........................................................................... 2 Quality Assurance ......................................................................... 2 Required Properties ...................................................................... 3 General ............................................................................................ 3 Loose density and compacted density ............................................ 4 Compacted density after abrasion test............................................ 4 Mean particle diameter .................................................................... 4 Thermal conductivity........................................................................ 4 Moisture content .............................................................................. 6 Organic material content ................................................................. 6 Insulation of Coldboxes and Storage Tanks .............................. 6 Bulk density at manufacture ............................................................ 6 Bulk density after filling operation.................................................... 6 Volume............................................................................................. 6 Recharging ...................................................................................... 6 Remarks to Vacuum Insulation .................................................... 6 Notes on Safety ............................................................................. 7 Classification of the Hazardous Potential of the Insulating Material7 Handling of Insulating Material - Notice........................................... 7 Protective Measures........................................................................ 7 Marking ........................................................................................... 7 Bibliographical Reference ............................................................ 7 Scope The present standard specifies the requirements for expanded perlite as bulk material, if it is used as insulating material in plant and vessel construction. Two types of perlite are described: • • Type A: Expanded perlite for coldboxes and double shell storage tanks Type B: Expanded perlite for vacuum insulation of stationary tanks. 固定罐真空绝热用 膨胀珍珠岩 冷箱和双壳储罐用 膨胀珍珠岩 Linde AG - Linde Engineering Division 2 Issue 12.2005 LS 152-08 Page 2 of 7 Normative references This standard contains provisions which, through undated references in this text, constitute provisions of other publications. The normative references are cited at the respective part in the text and the publications are listed below. Issues valid at the time of placement of order shall govern. DIN 4102-4 Fire behaviour of building materials and building components - synopsis and application of classified building materials, components and special components DIN 52612-1 Testing of Thermal Insulating Materials; Determination of Thermal Conductivity by the Guarded Hot Plate Apparatus - Test Procedure and Evaluation DIN 66145 Graphical representation of particle size distributions - RRSB-grid EN ISO 787-11 General methods of test for pigments and extenders - Part 11: Determination of tamped volume and apparent density after tamping Arbeitsgemeinschaft Industriebau e.V.: AGI-Arbeitsblätter Q 118: Luftzerlegungsanlagen Q 131: Dämmstoffdatenblatt: Mineralfaserdämmstoffe Q 132: Dämmarbeiten Mineralwolle TRGS 220 Sicherheitsdatenblatt TRGS 905 Verz. krebserzeugender, erbgutverändernder oder fortpflanzungsgefährdender Stoffe BGV B7 (BG Metall) Sauerstoff 膨胀珍珠岩将由火山岩（矿物学名称为珍珠岩）通过短期暴露 BGI 644 (BG Metall) Gefahren durch Sauerstoff 细磨珍珠岩矿石，在炉中温度高达1100°C。在此过程中结晶会 BGI 617 (BG Chemie) Sauerstoff 蒸发并使软化的珍珠岩颗粒膨胀15至20倍。因此 3 Terms and defintions 3.1 Expanded perlite 形成具有玻璃状蜂窝状结构的膨胀珍珠岩颗粒。珍珠岩的化学 分析得出 约75%的SIO2、约15%的Al2O3和少量其他氧化物的成分；具体分 析，膨胀珍珠岩的其他性能如表2所示 Expanded perlite will be produced from volcanic rock, mineralogical designation perlite, by shortly exposing the fine-ground perlite ore to temperatures up to 1100 °C in a furnace. During that process the water of crystallization evaporates and expands the softened perlite grain by 15 to 20 fold of its original volume. Thus, an expanded perlite grain with a glassy cellular structure is formed. The chemical analysis of perlite yields a composition of about 75 % SIO2, about 15 % Al2O3 and insignificant parts of other oxides; the specific analysis, however, varies from mine to mine. Further properties of expanded perlite are listed in Table 2. 3.2 Coldbox-Insulation A coldbox-insulation consists of a gastight casing, in which equipment and piping are installed, any remaining space is filled with insulating material and a slightly positive gas gage pressure is maintained. The temperatures of the equipment parts are usually between 77 K and 300 K. 3.3 Double-Shell Storage Tank 冷箱隔热层包括一个气密外壳，其中安装了设备和管道，其余部分 空间充满绝缘材料，并保持略微正的气体表压。温度 设备部件的温度通常在77 K和300 K之间（-196℃—27℃） A low temperature insulation for a double-shell storage tank consists of an annular gap in the cylinder and a spherical one in the roof area, which are filled with the insulating material, by maintaining a slight gas gage pressure. The temperature of the inner vessel is usually between 77 and 170 K, and that of the outer vessel at ambient temperature. 3.4 Vacuum Insulation 真空绝热 A vacuum insulation for stationary tanks consists of a space between inner and outer vessel, which is filled with the insulating material, and the gas pressure is reduced far below the atmospheric pressure. The temperature of the inner vessel is usually between 20 and 170 K, and that of the outer vessel at ambient temperature. 4 Quality Assurance 质量保证 The properties of expanded perlite are influenced by the specific chemical composition of the volcanic rock existing in the mine and by the individual control of the expansion process at the different manufacturers. For the quality assurance of our products, however, the used expanded perlite shall fulfill the properties required in Table 1. Therefore, in case of need, some of these properties are determined in a qualification test, and documented in a test report. A comparison between the determined and the required properties supplies the decision criteria for the use of the insulating material. 膨胀珍珠岩的性质受火山岩的特定化学成分的影响 存在于矿山和由不同制造商单独控制的膨胀过程中。为保证质量，使用的膨胀珍珠岩应满足表1。因此，如 有需要，可在鉴定试验中确定其中一些特性，以及记录在测试报告中。通过比较确定的属性和所需的属性 ，可以提供绝缘材料使用的决定标准。 Linde AG - Linde Engineering Division 5 Issue 12.2005 LS 152-08 Page 3 of 7 Required Properties 要求性质 5.1 General The required properties are summarized in table 1. Table 1: Required Properties for Expanded Perlite 珠光砂性质 No. Property Investigation Symbol [Unit] Method 1 *) Loose density 堆密度 2 *) Compacted density 压实 DIN EN ISO 787-11 (tamping volumeter)密度 Compacted density after Linde abrasion test 磨损试验后的压实密度 3 *) Linde Threshold Values Type A Type B ρSch [kg/m3] 45 bis 60 50 bis 60 ρSt [kg/m3] 55 bis 90 65 bis 90 ρStA [kg/m3] <1.8 ρSt <1.8 ρSt 4 *) Mean particle diameter DIN 66145 (RRSB-scale) 平均颗粒直径 d’ [mm] 0,4≤d’≤0,8 0,2≤d’≤0,5 5 Angle of repose (h=100 mm) 角位置 Linde α [degree] 33 bis 37 33 bis 40 6 *) Capillarity 毛细管 (Pipe Ø 18,5 mm) Linde h [mm/h] <290 <290 7 Thermal conductivity DIN 52612 导热系数 λ [W/mK] Bild 1 Bild 2 8 *) Moisture content 水含量 PI 118 **) [weight-%] <1 ≤0,2 9 *) Organic material content Linde [weight-%] ≤0,3 ≤0,3 度 *) Will be generally checked during a Linde qualification test as a rule. **) Perlite Institute, New York 有机物含量 Table 2: Further Properties of Expanded Perlite 珠光砂其他属性 Max. applicable temperature 最大使用温度 800 °C Softening temperature 软化温度 870 °C Melting temperature 融化温度 1260 °C Heat capacity between 77 and 300 K 热容 0,50 J/g K pH-value PH值 6 bis 8,5 Cellular structure open-cellular Porosity 多孔性 ~97 % by volume Moisture content in the open air 露天含水量 Up to 1,5 % by weight Max. moisture content 最大含水量 Up to 900 % by weight Fire behaviour A1 DIN 4102 Part 4 Density of the perlite ore 2200 to 2400 kg/m3 Density of the fine-ground perlite ore 磨细珠光砂密度 ~1200 kg/m3 Linde AG - Linde Engineering Division 5.2 Issue 12.2005 LS 152-08 Page 4 of 7 Loose density and compacted density 松密度和压实密度 Expanded perlite is available as bulk material with a certain grain distribution. The lowest bulk density, which is obtained when filling the material loosely, is known as loose density. By tamping the particles are moving against each other and the smaller ones remain in general in the gaps between the greater ones, until an optimum bulk density, known as compacted density, will be obtained. For all insulations with expanded perlite the compacted density should be achieved, as otherwise a subsequent settlement of the filled in material has to be expected. For perlite qualities which are suited for low temperature insulations the compacted density is about 30 to 50 % above the loose density. 对于适合低温隔热的珍珠岩质量，压实密度为 约为松散密度的30%至50% By simply continuing the tamping operation the density of the filled in material cannot be increased. An increase is only possible by applying external forces such as e.g. by the proper weight of thick insulation layers, by contraction movements of vessels or by a sudden breakdown of the vacuum (flooding with air) for vacuuminsulations. In such a case the fracture of the cellular walls on the particle surface leads to a clamping together of individual particles, and the filled in material looses its flowability partly or even completely. 5.3 Compacted density after abrasion test 磨损试验后的压实密度 仅通过继续捣固操作，填充材料的密度无法增加。增加只能通过施加 外力，例如通过厚绝缘层的适当重量，以进行真空隔热。在这种情况 下，颗粒表面断裂导致夹在一起填充材料部分甚至完全失去其流动性 An expanded perlite grain has a cellular structure with thin glassy walls. At mechanical loading of the material, e.g. pneumatic conveying in a long pipeline, parts of the cellular walls break off and an unwanted fine abrasion is forming. The resistance against abrasion of an expanded perlite is influenced by the properties of the perlite ore and by the expansion process. The abrasion test carried out in Linde's laboratories is an internal comparison test against standard qualities and gives information if, in case of pneumatic conveying, a considerable increase in density has to be expected. 5.4 Mean particle diameter 平均颗粒直径 The mean particle diameter of a bulk material of expanded perlite is determined from a sieve analysis and defines a mean grain size. If expanded perlite is used as a low-temperature insulation material, the mean particle diameter specified in Table 1 has to fulfill the standard requirements of practice. For a too small grain an increase of the density and in particular a higher flow resistance have to be expected when producing an insulating vacuum. For a too large grain the formation of convection and the radiation transmission are increased. 5.5 Thermal conductivity 导热系数 Because of the involved cost, the thermal conductivity is not measured in a qualification test. For a material filled in at atmospheric pressure, it can be taken from Figure 1, approximatively as a function of the mean temperature for different densities as parameter; for an evacuated filled in material with a density of about 80 kg/m3 and wall temperatures between 76 and 304 K it can be taken from Figure 2, as a function of the gas pressure. Increasing grain size and higher moisture content increase the thermal conductivity. Issue 12.2005 Linde AG - Linde Engineering Division LS 152-08 Page 5 of 7 0,075 192 kg/m3 0,07 160 kg/m3 Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) 0,065 144 kg/m3 0,06 128 kg/m3 0,055 104 kg/m3 80 kg/m3 0,05 64 kg/m3 48 kg/m3 0,045 0,04 0,035 0,03 0,025 0,02 0,015 0,01 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Temperature (K) Figure 1: Thermal Conductivity of Expanded Perlite as Function of the Temperature 膨胀珍珠岩导热系数与温度的关系 Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) 0,035 0,03 0,025 0,02 0,015 0,01 0,005 0 0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 N2-Pressure (mbar) Figure 2:Thermal Conductivity of Expanded Perlite as a Function of the N2-Pressure and between 76 and 304 K (ρ=80 kg /m3) [2] 膨胀珍珠岩导热系数与N2压力的关系介于76和304 K之间 Linde AG - Linde Engineering Division 5.6 Issue 12.2005 LS 152-08 Page 6 of 7 Moisture content 水分含量 Material coming directly from the furnace has a very low moisture content of up to 0,2 % by weight. For longtime storage in the open air a balance of up to 1,5 % by weight is obtained, depending on ambient humidity. For that reason perlite shall be protected against moisture during transportation and storage.新珠光砂含水量低至0.2%，长期 存放的含水量不得高于1.5%，主 If a still cold material is pneumatically conveyed when discharging a coldbox, air humidity要防潮 is condensing. Depending on the condition of the suction air, the moisture content can rise up to about 5 % by weight. Material being exposed to rain can reach the max. moisture content of up to 900 % by weight. In both cases the material is not usable any longer. 复温不充分，湿空气冷凝含水量可以增加到约5%（按重量计）。暴露在雨水中，水分含量最高可达900% （按重量计）。在这两种情况下，材料不再可用 The whole moisture content in the insulating material when e.g. installed in a coldbox, diffuses to the cold points of the vessels and precipitates there as ice. 5.7 Organic material content 有机物含量 Considering the perlite ore and the high temperature during expansion process, perlite does not contain any organic materials. The firing equipment of the expansion furnace is a source for contaminations. When using expanded perlite for air separation plants a maximum value of organic materials may not be exceeded, to comply with UVV-Sauerstoff (Regulations for the Prevention of Accidents, Oxygen). Within Linde, this value has been fixed to 0,3 % by weight. Thus, the degree of contaminations is preset below the value of 0,5 % by weight, which is permissible acc. to UVV-Sauerstoff. The reason for that measure is due to the fact that an investigated sample is not absolutely representative for the whole quantity of insulating material, as an unequal distribution must be expected. 6 6.1 Insulation of Coldboxes and Storage Tanks 冷箱绝热 Bulk density at manufacture 制造时的体积密度 The maximum allowable bulk density is as follows: 最大允许体积密度如下 • in the stationary furnace in manufacturer's workshop: up to 55 kg/m3; 在制造商车间的固定炉中：高达55 kg/m3 • in the portable furnace on site: up to 60 kg/m3; efforts should be made to obtain a bulk density of about 45 kg/m3. 现场便携式炉内：最高60 kg/m3；应努力获得约为的体积密度45千克/立方米 6.2 Bulk density after filling 填充后的体积密度 The maximum allowable bulk density after filling depends on transport and filling procedure and is as follows: • For silo transport and pneumatic conveying: 70-90 kg/m3; • For transport in sacks and manual filling: 55-70 kg/m3; 袋装运输和人工填充：55-70 kg/m3 • For pneumatic filling directly from the furnace on site: 55-65 kg/m3 (Empirical values of Linde for calculating the weight of the filled in perlite). 6.3 Volume The purchaser shall specify the insulating volume. The supplier shall determine the required perlite quantity to be delivered for that purpose. For an insulating volume > 1000 m3 and a considerable distance between manufacturer's workshops and site it shall be checked by the purchaser, whether the manufacture of expanded perlite on site by using a portable furnace is cheaper than a silo transport from manufacturer's workshops. 6.4 Recharging In order to avoid recharging and/or to reduce the recharge quantity, it should be beaten against the box walls during filling by using a knocking device (rubber mallet and similar), in order to support the uniform distribution. For that purpose, different manufacturers use a specific vibrating procedure; in any case, the consent of the responsible design engineer shall be obtained. 为了珠光砂装填均匀，应该采用敲击振动等方法让珠光砂沉淀，以达到均匀分 7 Remarks to Vacuum Insulation 布，具体咨询工程师 According to the curve of the thermal conductivity shown in Figure 2 a vacuum of 10-3 mbar shall be achieved, in order to obtain the optimum insulation effect. The pump down time and the final pressure are, however, influenced by the flow resistance, and in particular by the degassing of the bulk material. With increasing moisture content the pump down time will become considerably longer. An effective degassing of the surfaces can preferably be reached by heating (e.g. up to 300 °C). For that proceeding the consent of the responsible design engineer shall also be obtained. The optimum final density of expanded perlite for vacuum insulation is at about 120 kg/m³. Linde AG - Linde Engineering Division 8 8.1 Issue 12.2005 LS 152-08 Page 7 of 7 Notes on Safety Classification of the Hazardous Potential of the Insulating Material The manufacturer respectively the supplier shall examine, classify and identify the insulating material with respect to the hazardous potential. If the material is to be rated as potentially hazardous (e.g. in the EEA according to the valid TRGS 905), then a safety-datasheet must be delivered (e.g. for delivery from or to the EEA according to TRGS 220). For the rating "harmless" a document of compliance shall be attached. Anyway the manufacturer/supplier shall consider the subsequent handling of the insulating material (manual stuffing of chambers). 8.2 Handling of Insulating Material - Notice The applicator of insulating material must prepare a risk assessment related to the job site considering the handling of insulating material. This is a legal requirement within the scope of European Directives. The above mentioned manufacturer's identification shall be observed. 8.3 Protective Measures Even with the mineral fibre products which are not classified as hazardous material pending particles in the air, which cause an irritation of the respiratory tracts, can be carried along. Therefore the use of a fine dust mask with a P2 filter is recommended when working with mineral fibres. If (on job sites outside of the EEA) no information regarding the hazardous potential of the material was supplied by the manufacturer/supplier and the rated insulating material is not available elsewhere, the use of a fine dust mask as below described is strongly recommended. Remark: The use of respiratory protection requires prior the industrial medicine ability test (e.g. for members of German contractors: G26 Gruppe 1 – Atemschutzgeräte). 9 Marking Marking according to AGI Q141 is required. 10 Bibliographical Reference [1] Perlite Institute Inc.: Technical Data Sheet No. 2-4 (1970) No. 2-4 (1977). Perlite Loose Fill Insulation. Technical Data Sheet No. 2-3 (1972) Expanded Perlite Insualtion for Low Temperatures in Atmospheric Service. [2] R. H. Kropschot, R. W. Burgess: Perlite for Cryogenic Insulation. Adv. Cryog. Eng. Vol. 8 Revision: Chapter 4 (Qualification Test) cancelled (replaced by QPB 06.01), editorially revised Previous Issues: 03.81, 05.81, 04.83, 02.84, 10.84, 11.88, 08.99, 09.2001, 12.2001 Responsible department(s) for the technical content: EV Refer to protection notice ISO 16016 (1962) S. 425.