英文学术论文写作常见错误分享.pdf

英文学术论文写作与发表 贾娟娟 2019.3.2 为什么要发表英文学术论文？ publish or perish 不发表，就死亡 为什么要发表英文学术论文？ l贮存科研信息 l传播科研结果 l交流实践经验 l启迪学术思想 l提⾼研究⽔平 l促进职业⽣涯 学术论文的结构 Title Abstract Introduction Experimental Methods/ Theory model Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgements References Supporting Information 如何撰写英⽂学术论⽂ Title 高度凝练、简洁明确、完整、吸引眼球 Essentially, effective titles: identify the article’s main issue begin with the article’s subject matter are accurate, unambiguous, specific and (when possible) complete are as short as possible are enticing and interesting; they make people want to read further e.g. The effect of heating the albumen and vitellus of the gallus domesticus contained in calcium carbonate in H2O to 373.15 K. Boiling a chicken egg in water. 如何撰写英⽂学术论⽂ Abstract 摘要的三步骤： ⼀两句话说明背景 One or two sentences providing background on the problem. 两三句话总结⽅法和结论 Two or three sentences summarizing the methodology and results. ⼀句总结研究的意义 A concluding sentence highlighting the significance of the study. 如何撰写英⽂学术论⽂ Abstract 如何撰写英⽂学术论⽂ Abstract 论⽂内容不加注释 和评论的简短陈述， 内容应包含与论⽂ 同等量的主要信息 说明研究⼯作目的、 实验研究⽅法、结 果和最终结论 不用图、表、公式 等，不用非公知公 用的符号、术语和 非法定的计量单位 如何撰写英⽂学术论⽂ Introduction 突出自⼰的⼯作为什么值得发表！ ü 虽然有⼏个⼯作研究了A，但还是有很多问题没弄明白； ü 虽然很多⼈研究清楚了A，但关于B的研究未见报道； ü 虽然⽅法A能达到X效果，但存在很多的缺陷，例如。。。⽽我们提出的B 能解决这⼀问题； ü 虽然研究A很多了，但需要额外的研究来证明前⼈的结果； 如何撰写英⽂学术论⽂ Experimental Methods 实验设计 实验仪器和材料 • 可以讨论实验的创新之处 • 可以讨论实验的难点和解决⽅案 • 可以讨论实验中可能对实验结果产⽣改变的因素 • 可以模糊，不可造假 实验⽅法 如何撰写英⽂学术论⽂ Result and Discussion 结构 结合式 • 结果和讨论分成 两章 • 第⼀章列举结果 • 第⼆章讨论结果 • 结构简单但不连 贯 • 不⽅便阅读 • 结果和讨论合并 • 列举结果的同时 讨论结果 • 阅读⽅便 • 通顺且逻辑感强 评判标准 拆分式 如何撰写英⽂学术论⽂ Result and Discussion Results ü 用图、表格来归纳和展示数据； ü 对实验数据进⾏统计误差分析； ü 表明试验⽅法的正确可靠； 如何撰写英⽂学术论⽂ Result and Discussion 逻辑和⽅法－图表 直观简洁 有科学意义 • 审稿⼈没时间研究你的图表 • 图表数据的罗列以⽂章的逻辑流为基础 • 不要为增加⽂章内容⽽罗列⽆关数据 • 合理的标注和解释图表相关的实验参量 • 格式以eps，png等⽮量图为佳 契合⽂章背景 非拼凑数据 如何撰写英⽂学术论⽂ Conclusion Conclusion Abstract 如何撰写英⽂学术论⽂ Conclusion 摘要 全⽂的⼀部分 全⽂的缩影 问题的解决、不⾜和展望 差别 结论 如何撰写英⽂学术论⽂ Acknowledgements ü 对研究进⾏资⾦支持的基⾦； ü 提供技术帮助、提供实验材料、计算资源的⼈，但不再作者列表 中； ü 帮助修改英⽂，给出参考意见的⼈； 如何撰写英⽂学术论⽂ References 新⽂献/经典 ⽂献/⾼档次 ⽂献 目标期刊 的⽂献 尽量多次使 用前面引用 的⽂献 全面引用⽂ 献，不可隐 藏 引用不是摘 抄！ 投稿与发表 投稿与发表 Author Guidelines 推荐审 稿⼈ 摘要+正⽂+图片 编辑 初审 复查 提交 接收 投稿信(cover letter) 意见 返回 审稿⼈ 审稿 修改 再次 提交 8 Reasons I accepted your article Journal editors reveal the top reasons a manuscript gets published by Dr. Torsten Pieper • It provides insight into an important issue. • The insight is useful to people who make decisions. • The insight is used to develop a framework or theory. • The insight stimulates new, important questions. • The methods used to explore the issue are appropriate. • The methods used are applied rigorously and explain why and how the data support the conclusions. • Connections to prior work in the field or from other fields are made. • The article tells a good story. 学术论文语言特点 • Try to avoid unnecessary words or phrases – keep it simple. • Use active writing when possible. For example, ‘Carbon dioxide was consumed by the plant’ is passive. Active writing shortens this phrase to, ‘The plant consumed carbon dioxide’ – which is much snappier. • Tense is important. For known facts and hypotheses, use the present tense: ‘The average life expectancy of a honey bee is six weeks.’ But use the past tense when referring to experiments you’ve conducted: ‘All the honey bees were maintained in an environment with a consistent temperature of 23°C.’ And also use the past tense to describe results: ‘The average life span of bees in our contained environment was eight weeks.’ --- Elsevier 21 学术论文语言特点 Nature is an international journal covering all the sciences. Contributions should therefore be written clearly and simply so that they are accessible to readers in other disciplines and to readers for whom English is not their first language. Thus, technical jargon should be avoided as far as possible and clearly explained where its use is unavoidable. Abbreviations, particularly those that are not standard, should also be kept to a minimum. The background, rationale and main conclusions of the study should be clearly explained. Titles and abstracts in particular should be written in language that will be readily intelligible to any scientist. Essential but specialized terms should be explained concisely but not didactically. --- Nature 22 学术论⽂语⾔特点 Clear Simple Logical Active 23 语言表达的金字塔 风格 表述清楚 NATIVE 表述清楚 少量错误 大概能明白，语法错误严重 不知所云 自说自话 24 语言表达的金字塔 风格 表述清楚 NATIVE 表述清楚 少量错误 大概能明白，语法错误严重 不知所云 自说自话 25 语言表达的金字塔 风格 表述清楚 NATIVE 表述清楚 少量错误 大概能明白，语法错误严重 As important breakthrough in key technologies has been made, such as hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, extraction of shale gas comes to be possible. 不知所云 自说自话 26 语言表达的金字塔 风格 表述清楚 NATIVE 表述清楚 少量错误 大概能明白，语法错误严重 Key technological breakthroughs, such as hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, have facilitated the extraction of shale gas. As important breakthrough in key technologies has been made, such as hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, extraction of shale gas comes to be possible. 不知所云 自说自话 27 学术论⽂写作常见错误 “the” 常见的错误写法： 漏用，滥用 几个tips： l 特指用 l 论文的标题、书籍各节的名称开头的冠词得省去；论文标题第一个名词的冠词要省略 l 方程、表达式、公式、图表、章节、页码等后面跟数字表示“第。。。”时前面不加冠词 l 学科名称前不加冠词 29 “in this paper”, “in this study”… 常见的错误写法： In this paper, we studied… In this paper, we used … to measure … In this paper, … was found e.g. In this paper, high-resolution XPS spectra were recorded at different photonenergies in the 60−1150 eV range. 30 “in this paper”, “in this study”… 正确的写法： This paper presents... This paper reports... In this paper, we report on... In this paper, we propose... In this study, we investigated... In this study, we found that … In this research, … was investigated … e.g. In this study, high-resolution XPS spectra were recorded at different photonenergies in the 60−1150 eV range. 31 “比较对象不⼀致” 常见的错误写法： e.g. They believe that their findings are more important than other studies. 32 “比较对象不⼀致” 正确写法： e.g. They believe that their findings are more important than those of other studies. 33 “比较对象不⼀致” 常见的错误写法： e.g. The revenue of this year is 50% higher than last year. 34 “比较对象不⼀致” 正确写法： e.g. The revenue of this year is 50% higher than last year’s. 35 “数字的写法” 常见的错误写法： e.g. In the first experiment, 48 patient were divided into 4 groups. e.g. 20 samples were measured by STM. 36 “数字的写法” 正确写法： e.g. In the first experiment, 48 patient were divided into four groups. e.g. Twenty samples were measured by STM. 小于10的数字要写全拼，开头的数字要写全拼 37 “句⼦太长” 常见的错误写法： e.g. Until relatively recently, the idea of focusing on the concept of ‘citizenship’ in a British context would have seemed rather eccentric to both historians and political theorists alike, for in the immediate post-war decades, in the 1950s and early 1960s, despite the publication in 1950 of arguably the most famous and influential of all British works on the subject (T. H. Marshall’s Citizenship and Social Class), politicians and intellectuals largely avoided the term, mainly because of the perceived unity and homogeneity of British society that seemed to be the lasting legacy of the Second World War, and which many saw as being guaranteed by (relatively) full employment and a welfare state that offered genuinely universal benefits for the first time. (118 words). 38 “句⼦太长” 正确的写法： e.g. Until relatively recently, the idea of focusing on the concept of ‘citizenship’ in a British context would have seemed rather eccentric to both historians and political theorists alike. For, in the immediate post-war decades, in the 1950s and early 1960s, despite the publication in 1950 of arguably the most famous and influential of all British works on the subject (T. H. Marshall’s Citizenship and Social Class) politicians and intellectuals largely avoided the term.This was mainly because of the perceived unity and homogeneity of British society that seemed to be the lasting legacy of the Second World War. Many saw these features as being guaranteed by (relatively) full employment and a welfare state that offered genuinely universal benefits for the first time. 平均字数15-20字 39 “句⼦太长” 常见的错误写法： e.g. We analyzed the experiment and what we found made us realize that the techniques quite complex. 40 “句⼦太长” 常见的错误写法： e.g. We analyzed the experiment and what we found made us realize that the techniques quite complex. 正确的写法： e.g. The experiment analysis showed technical complexity. 41 “active voice VS passive voice” Use active voice when suitable, particularly when necessary for correct syntax (e.g., "To address this possibility, we constructed a λZap library . . .," not "To address this possibility, a λZap library was constructed . . ."). ---Science (http://www.sciencemag.org/site/feature/contribinfo/prep/res/style.xhtml) 42 避免累赘 43 避免累赘 Less concise Less concise More concise In spite of the fact that More concise Although In all other cases Otherwise Provide an opportunity to Allow In view of the fact hat Seeing that After this has been done Then Owing to the fact that Since In the end Eventually In regard to About In order to To In connection with About For the purpose of For As to whether or not whether Each and every one Each 44 避免非正式单词 Verb Phrase Verbs Verb Phrase Verbs Take in Absorb Speed up Accelerate Put in Add Breathe in Inhale Think about Consider Take away Remove Increase in amount Accumulate Join together Combine Push away Repel Get together Concentrate Push into Insert Get bigger Expand Look at Observe Upside down Inverted 45 提⾼写作的⼏个习惯 多阅读，如英文的文献、新闻、报道。。。 没事多写写，话题随意 利用网络资源充实碎片时间，如视频、公众号、app 寻求Native English Speaker的帮助，并学习 46