6-2 Richard Button-中国南海研究院.pdf

Global SAR Organization International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (1979) “SAR Convention” Convention on International Civil Aviation (1944): Annex 12 – Search and Rescue “Chicago Convention” 2 Maritime SAR Convention (1979) Provides a framework for carrying out SAR operations in the maritime environment 3 4 Chicago Convention (1944) Provides the basis for international cooperation between contracting States for international civil aviation SAR services 5 Global SAR Organization Annex 12: Chicago Convention’s primary Annex for SAR Aligned with the Maritime SAR Convention 6 Global SAR Organization International Aeronautical & Maritime Search and Rescue (IAMSAR) Manual 7 Global SAR Organization IAMSAR Manual Harmonizes aeronautical & maritime SAR organization, procedures, equipment, & terminology internationally 8 9 10 11 Rescue Coordination Center (RCC) Every SAR Region has a RCC 12 Global SAR Organization RCCs coordinate SAR w/in their SAR Region and w/other RCCs RCCs are: • Maritime (MRCC) • Aeronautical (ARCC) • Joint aeronautical & maritime (JRCC) 13 14 Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Convention (1974) 15 SOLAS Convention • Most important international convention concerning merchant ship safety • Minimum standards for construction, equipment and operation of ships, compatible with their safety • Flag States responsible for ensuring ships under their flag comply with its requirements 16 SOLAS Convention Chapter V: Safety of navigation Regulation 33 – Distress situations: obligations and procedures Obligates ship’s master to assist persons in distress at sea regardless of nationality, status, or circumstance of the persons in distress 17 SOLAS Convention Chapter V: Safety of navigation Regulation 33 – Distress situations: obligations and procedures Paragraph 1-1 – Contracting Governments • Obligated to assist ships providing assistance to persons in distress in order to minimize the impact to the ships’ intended voyage 18 SOLAS Convention Paragraph 1-1 – Contracting Governments • Primarily responsible for coordinating with the ship providing the assistance if the rescue occurred within its SAR region • Responsible for arranging disembarkation of persons rescued to a place of safety soon as reasonably practicable 19 Place of safety 1. A location where rescue operations are considered to terminate 2. Where a survivor’s safety of life is no longer threatened and where their basic human needs (e.g., food, shelter & medical needs) can be met 3. A place from which transportation arrangements can be made for the survivor’s next or final destination IAMSAR Manual - Volume I 20 21 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (1982) 22 UNCLOS Article 98: Duty to render assistance • States require masters flying their flag to render assistance to persons in distress at sea (if able to do so) • Requires ships after a collision to render assistance to the other ship, its crew and it’s passengers 23 UNCLOS • Article 98, paragraph 1(a), sets the general obligation to render assistance to persons in distress “at sea” (i.e., anywhere in the oceans) • Article 58, paragraph 2: Article 98 applicable in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) 24 UNCLOS Duty to render assistance also addressed in Article 18 (Meaning of passage): • Paragraph 2: Ship exercising innocent passage through the territorial sea may stop and anchor “for the purpose of rendering assistance to persons, ships or aircraft in danger or distress” 25 UNCLOS • Summary: The duty to render assistance exists throughout the ocean, whether the territorial sea, straits used for international navigation, archipelagic waters, EEZ, or on the high seas (Also in SOLAS/Salvage Conventions) • Assistance is to be given to any person, ship or aircraft in distress 26 International Convention on Salvage (1989) Article 10: Masters have a duty to render assistance to persons in distress 27 http://www.imo.org/en/M ediaCentre/HotTopics/se amigration/Documents/ UNHCR-Rescue_at_SeaGuide-ENG-screen.pdf 28 Questions? 29 Backup Slides What international instrument(s) discuss the coordination and conduct of SAR operations in a coastal State's TTS? SOLAS Convention, V/33: “1 The master of a ship at sea which is in a position to be able to provide assistance, on receiving information from any source that persons are in distress at sea, is bound to proceed with all speed to their assistance…” Salvage Convention, Article 10(1): “Every master is bound, so far as he can do so without serious danger to his vessel and persons thereon, to render assistance to any person in danger of being lost at sea.” UNCLOS, Article 98(1): “Every State shall require the master of a ship flying its flag, in so far as he can do so without serious danger to the ship, the crew or the passengers: (a) to render assistance to any person found at sea in danger of being lost; What is a distress? “ “Distress,” as used in UNCLOS Articles 18, 39, 98 and 109, and as incorporated by reference in UNCLOS Articles 45 and 54, means an event of grave necessity, such as severe weather or mechanical failure in a ship or aircraft; or a humancaused event, such as a collision with another ship or aircraft.” National SAR System Why do SAR? • National responsibility • Protecting citizens • Protecting visitors • Commerce Key Issue: Effective SAR cooperation & coordination between: Aeronautical & maritime SAR authorities Organization Cultural Integration Civilian SAR authorities & military Domestic Legal Framework National SAR Coordinating Committee Organization Cultural Integration National SAR Plan Domestic Legal Framework Cultural Integration Barrier to Cultural Integration “Stovepipes” “…management and employees have narrowly and rigidly defined responsibilities” Barrier to Cultural Integration People, agencies and nations unwilling to share information and resources to save lives Unwilling or reluctant to go through the process of improving SAR coordination & cooperation Use all available resources to save lives Other Government Agencies Military Local Government facilities Volunteers (boats and planes) Private Companies Neighboring States Ships at Sea U.S. SAR System National SAR Committee Homeland Defense Security State Commerce Interior Transportation FCC NASA NSARC Chair: NSARC Secretariat: Ms. Dana Tulis Coast Guard Office of Search and Rescue Director, Incident Management & Preparedness Policy U.S. Coast Guard All SAR: Land Sea Air National SAR Committee National SAR Committee Objectives “. . . oversees the National SAR Plan and coordinate interagency SAR matters.” “. . . preliminary development of interagency positions in SAR matters.” “. . . an interface with other national agencies involved with emergency services.” National SAR Committee Interagency Agreement • NSARC is implemented via interagency agreement signed at the Cabinet level National SAR Plan 2016 19-Page Plan: “. . .coordinating search and rescue (SAR) services to meet domestic needs and international commitments.” National SAR Plan • Identifies NSARC member agency SAR responsibilities • Assigns U.S. SAR Coordinators • Overview of general SAR coordination, & national/international SAR responsibilities • Serves as the basis for the U.S. SAR system National SAR Supplement • Guidance to Federal Agencies on implementing the National SAR Plan • Builds upon the IAMSAR Manual • Lists, by coordinate, the U.S. aeronautical and maritime SAR regions Catastrophic Incident SAR (CISAR) Addendum Guidance on the conduct of Catastrophic Incident SAR U.S. Coast Guard Addendum Provides detailed guidance and policy on how the U.S. Coast Guard conducts SAR Land SAR Addendum Land SAR theory and practice Provides guidance on land SAR operations Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) SAR Addendum Provides guidance on the use of UAS for SAR IMO: International Convention on Maritime SAR Convention (1979) ICAO: Convention on Civil Aviation (1944) Global SAR Plan International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue (IAMSAR) Manual U.S. SAR System National SAR Supplement to the IAMSAR Manual National SAR Plan Land SAR Addendum CISAR Addendum USCG SAR Addendum UAS SAR Addendum U.S. National SAR Committee Guidance National SAR Plan National SAR Supplement Catastrophic Incident SAR Addendum Land SAR Addendum Coast Guard Addendum https://cglink.uscg.mil/NSARC